

Learn how business interruption insurance claims are calculated in Turkey, including lost turnover, gross profit, increased operating costs, indemnity periods, underinsurance and disputes over insurer calculations.
A fire, explosion, flood or another insured event can damage a company’s property in a matter of hours, but the financial consequences may continue for months. A factory may lose production while machinery is replaced, a hotel may lose bookings while damaged rooms are repaired, a warehouse may be unable to process customer orders, or a retailer may remain closed while its premises are reconstructed. In many major commercial insurance claims, the business interruption loss can ultimately exceed the physical property damage. In Turkey, however, calculating business interruption insurance compensation is not as simple as adding the revenue that the company failed to earn. Under the applicable fire-related loss-of-profit insurance framework, compensation is generally calculated through the reduction in turnover, the applicable gross-profit rate, qualifying increases in operating costs, expenses saved because of the interruption, the indemnity period and the insured amount. The policy itself remains critical because the parties can define the covered risks, calculation structure, limits and maximum indemnity period. For businesses pursuing substantial claims in 2026, understanding the difference between lost turnover, accounting profit and insured gross profit is essential.
Business interruption insurance protects against qualifying financial loss resulting from the partial or complete interruption of commercial activity following covered physical damage. Under the Turkish Fire-Related Loss of Profit Insurance General Conditions, the relevant loss concerns gross-profit loss resulting from reduced turnover and increased operating costs during the applicable indemnity period. (Türkiye Sigorta Birliği)
No. Property insurance primarily concerns physical damage to insured assets such as buildings, machinery, equipment, fixtures and stock. Business interruption insurance addresses qualifying financial consequences arising because the business cannot operate normally after covered physical damage. A company may therefore have two substantial claims arising from the same incident: one for physical damage and another for interruption loss.
No. Businesses should not assume that purchasing commercial fire insurance automatically provides comprehensive lost-profit protection. The risks for which loss-of-profit coverage is provided are agreed between the insurer and policyholder within the relevant insurance structure. (Türkiye Sigorta Birliği)
Under the standard Turkish fire-related loss-of-profit framework, the movable or immovable property used in the commercial activity—such as the building, machinery, equipment, fixtures or stock—must suffer damage from a risk covered by the relevant fire insurance arrangement, and the corresponding property insurer must have compensated the damage or accepted responsibility. (Türkiye Sigorta Birliği) This means that a dispute over the underlying physical damage can also affect the business interruption claim.
Insurance terminology can differ from ordinary accounting terminology. Under the applicable general conditions, gross profit is essentially determined according to the policy-defined relationship between turnover, opening and closing stock and specified operating expenses. The precise contractual definitions should always be checked before calculating compensation. (Türkiye Sigorta Birliği)
This is probably the most important concept in a business interruption claim. Suppose a company would normally have generated TRY 50 million in sales during the interruption period but actually generated only TRY 20 million. The TRY 30 million difference represents reduced turnover. It does not automatically mean that the insurer owes TRY 30 million.
Because generating revenue normally requires expenses. Some expenses disappear or decrease while the business is closed. Business interruption insurance is designed to compensate the insured economic loss according to the policy formula rather than place the business in a better financial position than it would have occupied without the insured event.
Subject to the particular policy, the standard Turkish calculation can broadly be understood as:
Loss caused by reduced turnover + qualifying increased operating costs – saved operating expenses = business interruption loss, subject to the applicable gross-profit methodology, insurance amount, indemnity period, deductibles and other policy provisions. (Türkiye Sigorta Birliği)
Under the standard framework, standard turnover generally refers to the turnover during the corresponding period within the twelve months immediately preceding the loss. Where the indemnity period exceeds twelve months, the reference period is extended accordingly. (Türkiye Sigorta Birliği)
Assume a factory suffers a fire on 1 March 2026 and production is interrupted from March through June. The corresponding March–June turnover from the relevant previous period can provide the starting reference for calculating standard turnover, subject to adjustments required to reflect the business’s actual expected performance.
A mechanical comparison with the previous year may produce an unfair result. The applicable general conditions allow adjustments to reflect changes in the development of the business and other circumstances affecting operations before or after the loss, including factors that would have influenced the business even if the insured event had never occurred. The objective is to approximate as closely as reasonably possible the figures that would have been achieved without the loss. (Türkiye Sigorta Birliği)
Imagine that a manufacturer generated TRY 100 million in annual turnover before the loss but had recently installed a second production line that increased capacity by 40%. If the fire occurred shortly after expansion, simply using the previous year’s turnover could materially underestimate the company’s expected performance.
Signed customer contracts, confirmed purchase orders, expanded production capacity, new distribution agreements, historical growth trends, new locations, increased staffing and documented order pipelines can help demonstrate that future turnover would probably have exceeded historical figures.
Adjustments can operate in both directions. If sales had been falling before the incident, the insurer may argue that historical turnover overstates what the company would actually have earned. A defensible claim should therefore reflect genuine business trends rather than selectively relying only on favorable information.
Under the standard general conditions, the gross-profit rate is based on the relationship between gross profit and turnover during the relevant financial period before the loss. (Türkiye Sigorta Birliği) The exact calculation should nevertheless be checked against the definitions and special provisions in the individual policy.
Suppose the applicable calculations establish that the company’s gross-profit rate is 35%. If qualifying reduced turnover during the indemnity period is TRY 20 million, the turnover-related gross-profit loss would initially be calculated at approximately:
TRY 20 million × 35% = TRY 7 million
This is not necessarily the final insurance payment because additional operating costs, saved expenses, policy limits, underinsurance and other contractual adjustments may still apply.
Assume a factory would have generated TRY 80 million during the interruption period but actually generates TRY 30 million. The turnover reduction is therefore TRY 50 million. If the applicable gross-profit rate is 30%, the turnover-related gross-profit loss would initially be TRY 15 million. If the company also incurs qualifying increased operating costs and saves certain expenses because operations stopped, those figures must then be incorporated into the calculation.
Some operating costs that would normally have been paid may disappear during the shutdown. If those expenses would have been paid from gross profit but were saved because of the insured event, the applicable amount is deducted when calculating compensation under the standard framework. (Türkiye Sigorta Birliği)
Depending on the business and policy, certain variable production expenses, energy consumption, transportation expenses or other operating costs may decrease during the interruption. Whether a particular expense should be treated as saved requires examination of the actual financial records and policy definitions.
Many businesses continue paying substantial expenses despite producing no revenue. Rent, salaries of essential employees, financing-related obligations, software subscriptions, security, maintenance and other overhead may continue. Their treatment depends on the policy’s definition and calculation structure.
Business interruption insurance is not concerned only with revenue that disappeared. A company may spend additional money to prevent a larger loss. Under the general conditions, necessary and acceptable increases in operating costs incurred to prevent a reduction in turnover can form part of the gross-profit loss calculation, subject to the applicable limitations. (Türkiye Sigorta Birliği)
A factory cannot use its damaged production line. Management can either stop production and suffer a TRY 10 million insured gross-profit loss or outsource production for an additional TRY 3 million. If the expenditure satisfies the applicable policy requirements, outsourcing may substantially reduce the interruption loss and the additional expense can become relevant to compensation.
Under the standard conditions, the qualifying increased operating cost cannot exceed the amount obtained by applying the gross-profit rate to the turnover reduction prevented by that expenditure. (Türkiye Sigorta Birliği) In other words, spending TRY 5 million merely to prevent TRY 1 million of insured loss would not normally justify automatically recovering the entire TRY 5 million under this mechanism.
A business may rent temporary premises after a fire or flood. A retailer may move into another store, a factory may rent temporary production space, or a warehouse operator may transfer stock to another facility. Where these measures reduce the insured interruption loss and satisfy the policy, their cost can potentially become relevant.
Manufacturers frequently outsource production while machinery is being replaced. The additional cost should be documented together with the turnover preserved because of outsourcing.
A manufacturer may pay extra for priority manufacturing, air freight or accelerated installation of replacement machinery. Although expensive, these measures may shorten the interruption substantially. The financial benefit should be compared with the additional expense.
A business may operate additional shifts after partial reopening to recover production. Additional labor or operating expenses can potentially be relevant where they reduce an insured turnover loss and satisfy the policy requirements.
If the insured continues its business at another location during the indemnity period, or the activity is carried out by another party on its behalf, the resulting income is taken into account when determining turnover during the indemnity period. (Türkiye Sigorta Birliği) A company therefore cannot calculate its claim as though operations completely stopped while ignoring replacement revenue earned elsewhere.
A factory normally generates TRY 10 million per month. After a fire, it rents another facility and generates TRY 6 million per month. The business interruption calculation must recognize the TRY 6 million actually earned rather than treating the month as having zero turnover.
The indemnity period is one of the most important limitations in the policy. Under the standard conditions, the insurer’s responsibility runs from the occurrence of the damage until the interruption or disruption is eliminated, but cannot exceed the maximum indemnity period written in the policy. (Türkiye Sigorta Birliği)
Businesses sometimes confuse these concepts. The insurance policy may run for twelve months, while the maximum indemnity period for an interruption can have its own contractual duration. The actual policy wording should always be checked.
A specialized factory may require 14 months to replace imported machinery. A hotel may need extensive reconstruction and licensing before reopening. If the maximum indemnity period expires before normal operations are restored, losses occurring afterward may fall outside the agreed business interruption protection.
A fire occurs on 1 February. Replacement machinery cannot be commissioned until the following April. If the policy’s maximum indemnity period is only twelve months, a portion of the continuing financial loss may fall beyond the contractual period even though the business has not fully recovered.
Not necessarily. The standard wording focuses on the interruption or disruption of commercial activity, subject to the maximum contractual period. (Türkiye Sigorta Birliği) Physical completion of repairs and restoration of normal business activity are not always identical events.
A hotel may physically reopen after eight months but initially operate at substantially reduced occupancy because bookings were lost during the closure. Whether and for how long that continuing effect forms part of the insured loss requires examination of causation and the maximum indemnity period.
A hotel closed during July and August can suffer a very different loss from one closed during its quietest months. The same applies to tourism companies, retailers, agricultural businesses and seasonal manufacturers. Standard turnover calculations should therefore reflect the actual commercial characteristics of the business.
A resort normally earns 60% of its annual turnover between June and September. A fire forces closure from May through October. Dividing annual turnover evenly by twelve months would substantially understate the economic effect of the interruption.
A hotel may have confirmed reservations. A manufacturer may have signed purchase orders. A construction-material supplier may have binding customer contracts. These documents can provide valuable evidence concerning the turnover that probably would have been achieved without the loss.
A company operating for only six months cannot provide several years of historical turnover. In such cases, budgets, existing contracts, actual pre-loss performance, market conditions and comparable operating data may become especially important when estimating expected turnover.
A technology company growing 10% each month may be seriously undervalued if the insurer simply repeats the previous year’s figures. The general conditions’ adjustment mechanism is particularly important where historical results no longer represent the business immediately before the insured event. (Türkiye Sigorta Birliği)
The counterfactual calculation must also account for adverse developments. If the entire sector collapsed after the insured event for reasons unrelated to the loss, the insurer may argue that the company would have suffered reduced turnover even without the property damage.
This is the central economic question in many business interruption disputes. The claimant should attempt to reconstruct the company’s financial performance in a hypothetical world where the insured event never occurred, while still accounting for other real economic developments.
The physical cause may be obvious, but the compensation amount can remain heavily disputed. Insurer accountants and the insured’s financial experts may disagree about gross-profit rates, saved costs, projected turnover, seasonality, growth assumptions and the duration of the interruption.
Business interruption insurance can itself be underinsured. Under the standard general conditions, if the insured gross-profit amount is below the amount obtained through the applicable calculation based on gross-profit rate and annual or standard turnover, compensation may be reduced proportionally unless otherwise agreed. (Türkiye Sigorta Birliği)
Suppose the appropriate insured gross-profit figure is TRY 40 million, but the company purchased only TRY 20 million of coverage. If a qualifying interruption causes a TRY 10 million loss, the insurer may potentially apply the applicable proportional underinsurance mechanism, depending on the policy.
Rapid growth, inflation, increased production capacity, acquisitions, new locations and higher prices can cause the business’s gross-profit exposure to exceed the figure originally declared to the insurer.
The general conditions contemplate determining the insured amount using estimated turnover for the indemnity period and provide for possible periodic revision of turnover-based figures. (Türkiye Sigorta Birliği) Businesses should therefore review their interruption exposure before a loss rather than discovering underinsurance afterward.
The applicable general conditions provide that VAT is excluded from the policy calculations. (Türkiye Sigorta Birliği) This detail can become significant in high-value claims.
The business should not merely state that it disagrees. It should identify the assumptions producing the difference. A useful challenge might show that the insurer used an incorrect standard turnover, ignored growth, understated the gross-profit rate, overstated saved expenses or failed to include qualifying increased costs.
A manufacturer generated TRY 120 million in the previous year. Before the fire, it completed an expansion and secured contracts supporting projected turnover of TRY 180 million. The insurer calculates the interruption solely from TRY 120 million. The claimant should demonstrate why the historical figure no longer represents the likely no-loss scenario.
The insurer assumes that TRY 5 million of payroll was saved during closure. In reality, the company retained employees and paid TRY 4 million of those wages. Payroll records can materially alter the calculation.
A company spends TRY 2 million outsourcing production and prevents a much larger reduction in turnover. If the expenditure satisfies the policy requirements, simply excluding it from the calculation may understate the insured loss.
A hotel would reasonably have generated TRY 50 million during the affected period but generates only TRY 20 million. Reduced turnover is TRY 30 million. If the applicable gross-profit rate is 40%, the initial turnover-related gross-profit loss is TRY 12 million. Qualifying increased operating costs and saved expenses are then considered before applying the remaining policy provisions.
A factory loses six months of production. Expected turnover is established at TRY 100 million while actual turnover is TRY 30 million. The reduction is TRY 70 million. At an applicable gross-profit rate of 25%, the initial turnover-related loss is TRY 17.5 million before further adjustments.
A retailer’s flagship location floods. Historical and adjusted figures establish expected turnover of TRY 15 million during closure. Online and temporary-store sales generate TRY 6 million. The relevant turnover reduction is therefore TRY 9 million rather than TRY 15 million.
A logistics warehouse suffers an insured fire. The building is repaired within four months, but customer operations are disrupted for another two months. The calculation must examine the actual duration of the insured business interruption within the contractual maximum indemnity period rather than automatically stopping on the date construction ends.
Financial statements, accounting books, monthly management accounts, tax-related records, sales reports, customer contracts, purchase orders, production reports, inventory records, payroll information and invoices for additional operating expenses can all become important.
A single annual figure can hide seasonality and sudden growth. Monthly or even weekly records may provide a more accurate picture of expected performance during the interruption.
Budgets and forecasts created before an insured event can be valuable because they were not prepared specifically to increase an insurance claim. Contemporaneous board-approved budgets and financial projections can therefore provide strong evidence.
Cancelled purchase orders, customer correspondence and terminated contracts can help demonstrate the commercial effect of the interruption. They should be preserved together with evidence concerning whether the lost business was later recovered.
The insurer may appoint experts or accountants to assess the loss. The insured can challenge that assessment with its own financial evidence and calculations.
If the insurer calculates TRY 8 million and the business calculates TRY 15 million, the claimant should explain exactly where the TRY 7 million difference originates. Breaking the disagreement into individual assumptions makes the dispute easier to analyze.
The standard conditions contemplate agreement between the parties regarding the amount of loss and also contain a mechanism under which the parties may agree to refer disagreements over the amount to expert arbitrators. (Türkiye Sigorta Birliği) The particular dispute-resolution route should nevertheless be assessed under the policy and applicable procedural framework.
Under the applicable general conditions, after receiving documentation concerning the amount of loss, the insurer is required to complete the necessary examination and determine and notify the amount of damage and compensation within the specified 30-day framework. (Türkiye Sigorta Birliği) The precise claim chronology should therefore be documented carefully.
The standard conditions state that loss-of-profit compensation is payable no later than 30 days after the end of the period for which the insurer is responsible, while the parties can agree on periodic partial payments during the interruption. (Türkiye Sigorta Birliği) This can be commercially important where the interruption continues for many months.
Yes. A business suffering a major interruption may need liquidity immediately. Where periodic payment arrangements can be agreed, they may reduce the risk that cash-flow problems themselves prolong the interruption.
The insured is expected to take measures to prevent, reduce or mitigate the covered loss. The standard conditions also address expenses arising from such measures and the consequences of culpably failing to mitigate. (Türkiye Sigorta Birliği)
Management should record why temporary premises were rented, why production was outsourced, why expedited machinery was ordered and how much loss each measure was expected to prevent. Decisions that appear expensive in isolation may be commercially reasonable when compared with the interruption loss avoided.
Potentially, yes. Where compensation has become due and the insurer fails to make the payment for which it is legally responsible, applicable default-interest claims should be examined. The dates of notification, document submission, loss calculation and insurer response can become important.
Potentially. However, the company should carefully distinguish an interim or undisputed payment from a full-and-final settlement. Settlement wording should be reviewed before signing any release that could affect the remaining interruption claim.
The physical property team may focus on repairing the building or replacing machinery while the finance department calculates interruption loss. These workstreams should communicate. Decisions about repair schedules, replacement equipment and temporary operations directly affect the business interruption calculation.
The insurer may dispute losses it considers attributable to avoidable delay rather than the insured event itself. The company should therefore maintain a detailed recovery chronology showing quotations, purchase orders, contractor schedules, permit processes, equipment lead times and reasons for delays.
This can create a difficult causation dispute if lack of insurance funds itself delays reconstruction. The company should preserve evidence showing the relationship between unpaid compensation, financing constraints and the recovery timeline.
Foreign ownership does not itself prevent a company operating in Turkey from pursuing compensation under an applicable business interruption policy. Factories, hotels, logistics businesses, retailers and other foreign-owned enterprises can assert contractual insurance rights under the relevant Turkish insurance arrangements.
International businesses may maintain Turkish local property policies together with global master or excess programs. A major interruption should therefore trigger a review of all potentially applicable insurance layers.
Businesses purchasing materials or machinery in euros or US dollars may experience significant cost changes during the interruption. The treatment of those changes depends on the policy and the financial methodology applied to the claim.
The insurer may use an inappropriate standard turnover, ignore documented growth, apply an incorrect gross-profit rate, overstate saved expenses, exclude qualifying increased operating costs, shorten the interruption period, apply underinsurance or rely on a policy sub-limit. Each deduction should therefore be independently tested.
A business should not wait until reopening to reconstruct the financial loss. From the date of the incident, management should track cancelled orders, lost production, actual sales, additional operating expenses, temporary operations, payroll changes and recovery milestones.
For substantial business interruption claims in Turkey in 2026, the correct approach is to build a counterfactual financial model showing what the business would reasonably have achieved if the insured event had not occurred and compare that position with what actually happened. The calculation should begin with the policy definitions of turnover and gross profit. Standard turnover should then be established and adjusted where genuine business trends or external circumstances justify doing so. Actual turnover earned during the interruption must be deducted. The applicable gross-profit rate should be applied to the qualifying turnover reduction. Reasonable increased operating costs incurred to prevent further turnover loss should then be considered, while expenses genuinely saved because of the interruption must be deducted. Finally, the calculation must be tested against the maximum indemnity period, insured amount, underinsurance provisions, deductibles, sub-limits and other contractual restrictions. In practical terms, the claim should follow this sequence: confirm the insured physical damage → identify the covered interruption → establish standard turnover → adjust for genuine trends → calculate actual turnover → determine the turnover reduction → apply the gross-profit rate → add qualifying increased operating costs → deduct saved expenses → test the indemnity period and underinsurance → compare the result with the insurer’s calculation → challenge any unpaid balance.
No. Reduced turnover is generally only part of the calculation. The applicable gross-profit rate, increased operating costs, saved expenses and other policy provisions must also be considered.
Under the standard framework, gross-profit loss resulting from reduced turnover is generally calculated by applying the applicable gross-profit rate to the difference between standard turnover and actual turnover during the indemnity period, followed by the other required adjustments.
It is generally an important starting point, but adjustments may be appropriate to reflect business growth, decline, seasonality and other circumstances affecting what would probably have happened without the loss.
Potentially, yes. Genuine growth supported by contracts, increased capacity, orders and other objective evidence can be relevant when adjusting the expected turnover calculation.
Potentially, where they qualify as reasonable increased operating costs incurred to prevent or reduce an insured turnover loss.
Revenue earned through alternative operations during the indemnity period is taken into account when calculating actual turnover under the standard framework.
Yes. If the insured gross-profit amount is insufficient under the applicable policy calculation, compensation may potentially be proportionally reduced.
Yes. Businesses can challenge incorrect turnover assumptions, gross-profit rates, saved expenses, indemnity periods, mitigation calculations and underinsurance deductions with accounting and commercial evidence.
The applicable general conditions allow the parties to agree on payment in installments or periods during the interruption rather than necessarily waiting for a single final payment.
Yes. Foreign ownership does not itself prevent a company from pursuing compensation under an applicable business interruption insurance policy in Turkey.
Business interruption disputes can involve lost turnover, gross-profit calculations, increased operating costs, saved expenses, seasonality, business growth, indemnity periods and underinsurance. In large commercial losses, a relatively small error in one assumption can reduce insurance compensation by millions of Turkish lira.
Fırat Fesih Kaya Law Office provides legal assistance to Turkish and foreign-owned businesses concerning business interruption and loss-of-profit insurance claims, rejected or underpaid compensation, disputed financial calculations and insurance arbitration or litigation.
Fırat Fesih Kaya can assess the insurance policy, financial calculations and insurer’s expert reports, identify disputed assumptions affecting the compensation amount and pursue the outstanding business interruption compensation through the appropriate legal procedure.
Phone: +90 312 434 22 22
Mobile Phone: +90 532 769 22 22
Email: info@firatfesihkaya.av.tr
Address: Mevlana Boulevard No: 221, Yildirim Tower, Balgat, Cankaya / Ankara, Turkey