How do crypto exchange investigations start in Turkey? Learn about MASAK investigations, exchange compliance audits, suspicious transactions, frozen accounts, criminal liability, money laundering allegations, and legal defense strategies in this 2026 legal guide.

Cryptocurrency exchanges have become a major focus of regulatory oversight and criminal investigations in Turkey. As digital asset adoption continues to increase among Turkish citizens, foreign investors, expatriates, entrepreneurs, and international traders, Turkish authorities have significantly expanded their supervision of crypto asset service providers and cryptocurrency-related financial activities. The combination of anti-money laundering regulations, investor protection concerns, cybercrime enforcement, and financial crime investigations has created a rapidly evolving legal environment for crypto exchanges and their users.

In recent years, Turkish regulators have introduced a comprehensive legal framework governing crypto asset service providers. The enactment of Law No. 7518 brought cryptocurrency platforms, custody providers, and other crypto asset service providers under the supervision of the Turkish Capital Markets Board (SPK). The legislation grants regulators broad authority regarding licensing, compliance requirements, inspections, enforcement actions, and operational restrictions.

At the same time, the Financial Crimes Investigation Board (MASAK) has intensified its scrutiny of cryptocurrency transactions that may involve fraud, money laundering, terrorism financing, illegal gambling proceeds, tax violations, or other criminal activities. Cryptocurrency exchanges operating in Turkey are now expected to maintain robust compliance systems, customer verification procedures, transaction monitoring programs, and suspicious activity reporting mechanisms.

For both Turkish citizens and foreign nationals, understanding how crypto exchange investigations work is essential because seemingly routine transactions may sometimes trigger regulatory reviews, account restrictions, information requests, or criminal investigations.

The Legal Framework Governing Crypto Exchanges in Turkey

Turkey has moved from a relatively unregulated cryptocurrency environment toward a structured regulatory system. The most significant development was the introduction of Law No. 7518, which established a legal framework for crypto asset service providers and placed them under SPK supervision.

Under this framework, crypto exchanges serving Turkish users may be subject to licensing obligations, capital requirements, governance standards, compliance procedures, cybersecurity obligations, custody regulations, and reporting duties. The law also authorizes regulators to restrict unauthorized operators and take enforcement actions against platforms that target Turkish residents without complying with applicable rules.

MASAK remains responsible for anti-money laundering compliance and financial intelligence functions. Crypto exchanges are treated as obligated entities within the Turkish anti-money laundering system and must comply with customer due diligence requirements, recordkeeping obligations, suspicious transaction reporting duties, and transaction monitoring standards.

As a result, crypto exchanges are increasingly becoming sources of information for criminal investigations and financial intelligence inquiries.

Why Do Crypto Exchange Investigations Begin?

Many individuals assume that investigations only occur when major crimes are involved. In reality, crypto exchange investigations may arise from a wide range of circumstances.

Authorities frequently examine transactions involving unusually large volumes, rapid fund movements, suspicious wallet activity, multiple linked accounts, unexplained wealth, international transfers, or patterns associated with known criminal typologies.

Investigations may also begin following:

• Suspicious transaction reports submitted by exchanges
• Fraud complaints from investors
• Cybercrime investigations
• Identity theft allegations
• Illegal betting investigations
• Tax audits
• Money laundering inquiries
• Terrorism financing concerns
• International law enforcement requests

In many cases, the user may initially be unaware that an investigation has begun because authorities often gather information before contacting the account holder.

MASAK’s Role in Crypto Exchange Investigations

MASAK serves as Turkey’s primary financial intelligence authority and plays a central role in cryptocurrency investigations. MASAK receives, analyzes, and evaluates suspicious transaction reports submitted by obligated entities, including crypto asset service providers.

Where suspicious activity is identified, MASAK may share intelligence with prosecutors, law enforcement agencies, tax authorities, and other governmental institutions.

MASAK’s investigations often focus on determining:

• The source of crypto assets
• The destination of transferred funds
• The identity of beneficial owners
• Connections between wallets
• Potential criminal proceeds
• Compliance with reporting obligations

Crypto users should understand that blockchain transactions leave permanent records that can be analyzed using sophisticated forensic tools.

Identity Verification and KYC Investigations

Modern cryptocurrency investigations frequently begin with Know Your Customer (KYC) reviews.

Crypto exchanges operating under Turkish regulations are required to verify customer identities and maintain records regarding account holders. Enhanced verification requirements may apply to larger transactions and higher-risk activities.

Authorities may investigate situations involving:

• False identity documents
• Stolen identities
• Synthetic identities
• Multiple accounts
• Third-party account usage
• Suspicious registration information

Where investigators suspect identity fraud, criminal charges may extend beyond financial crimes and include document-related offenses.

Foreign nationals should ensure that their exchange accounts accurately reflect their legal identity and immigration status.

Money Laundering Allegations Involving Crypto Exchanges

One of the most common risks associated with crypto exchange investigations involves money laundering allegations.

Turkish anti-money laundering laws prohibit the concealment, transfer, conversion, or use of assets derived from criminal activity. Authorities increasingly examine cryptocurrency transactions when investigating alleged laundering schemes.

Common indicators include:

• Frequent transfers between multiple wallets
• Rapid conversion of assets
• Use of mixing services
• Cross-chain transactions
• Transfers lacking economic justification
• Transactions involving high-risk jurisdictions

Importantly, individuals may become subjects of investigations even if they did not personally commit the underlying crime. Prosecutors often examine whether a person knew or should have known that funds originated from unlawful sources.

Fraud Investigations Connected to Crypto Exchanges

Crypto exchanges are frequently involved in fraud investigations because victims often transfer funds through digital asset platforms.

Authorities regularly investigate allegations involving:

• Investment fraud
• Ponzi schemes
• NFT scams
• Romance scams
• Phishing attacks
• Fake trading platforms
• Social media investment schemes
• Impersonation fraud

When stolen funds pass through a crypto exchange, investigators may seek transaction records, wallet information, account details, and customer identification documents.

Individuals who unknowingly receive criminal proceeds may still face extensive scrutiny until authorities determine the nature of their involvement.

Exchange Account Freezes and Asset Seizures

A common concern among crypto investors is the freezing of exchange accounts.

During ongoing investigations, prosecutors may request precautionary measures affecting digital assets, cryptocurrency wallets, bank accounts, and exchange balances. Turkish courts may authorize temporary restrictions to preserve evidence or secure assets potentially connected to criminal activity.

Account holders may suddenly discover:

• Withdrawal restrictions
• Trading limitations
• Account suspensions
• Asset freezes
• Requests for additional documentation

Such measures do not automatically establish guilt. However, immediate legal action is often necessary to challenge unjustified restrictions and protect property rights.

International Cooperation in Crypto Exchange Investigations

Cryptocurrency investigations increasingly involve international cooperation.

Many exchanges operate globally, and digital asset transactions frequently cross national borders. Turkish authorities routinely cooperate with foreign regulators, financial intelligence units, prosecutors, and law enforcement agencies when investigating cross-border financial crimes.

International requests may involve:

• Exchange account records
• Blockchain analytics
• Beneficial ownership information
• IP addresses
• Device identifiers
• Banking records

Foreign nationals residing in Turkey may therefore become involved in investigations initiated abroad, while Turkish investigations may also affect overseas accounts and assets.

Travel Rule Compliance and Transaction Monitoring

Turkey has strengthened compliance requirements concerning virtual asset transfers and transaction transparency. Regulatory developments have increasingly focused on Travel Rule compliance, transaction monitoring, and information-sharing obligations among crypto service providers.

Authorities have also introduced measures targeting the misuse of cryptocurrencies for illegal betting, fraud, and money laundering. Additional sanctions may be imposed on platforms that fail to comply with these obligations.

As a result, cryptocurrency transfers that previously attracted little attention may now be subject to enhanced scrutiny and verification procedures.

Criminal Liability for Exchange Users

Not every investigation results in criminal charges. However, exchange users may face liability where evidence suggests intentional involvement in unlawful activities.

Potential allegations include:

• Money laundering
• Fraud
• Aggravated fraud
• Illegal betting facilitation
• Terrorism financing
• Tax offenses
• Identity fraud
• Cybercrime offenses

Criminal liability generally depends on the user’s knowledge, intent, conduct, and connection to the alleged criminal activity.

Many successful defenses focus on demonstrating legitimate sources of funds, lawful business activities, lack of criminal intent, and good-faith participation in cryptocurrency markets.

Legal Defense Strategies During Crypto Exchange Investigations

Early legal representation is critical in cryptocurrency investigations.

Defense strategies often involve detailed analysis of:

• Blockchain transaction histories
• Exchange records
• Compliance documentation
• Source-of-funds evidence
• Tax records
• Wallet ownership evidence
• Technical forensic reports

Experienced legal counsel may challenge investigative assumptions, inaccurate blockchain interpretations, unsupported asset tracing conclusions, or procedural violations.

Because crypto investigations frequently involve highly technical evidence, expert analysis often plays a decisive role in the outcome of criminal proceedings.

The Future of Crypto Exchange Regulation in Turkey

Turkey continues to expand its regulatory oversight of cryptocurrency markets. SPK licensing requirements, MASAK compliance obligations, enhanced transaction monitoring systems, and anti-money laundering measures are expected to become increasingly sophisticated.

Regulators are focusing on investor protection, financial stability, crime prevention, and international compliance standards. Additional reporting obligations, taxation measures, and supervisory mechanisms are also under discussion.

Consequently, investors, traders, exchange operators, and foreign nationals involved in cryptocurrency activities should ensure that their transactions remain fully documented and compliant with Turkish law.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Can Turkish authorities investigate cryptocurrency exchange accounts?

Yes. Prosecutors, MASAK, and other competent authorities may investigate exchange accounts where suspicious activity is detected.

Can my crypto account be frozen during an investigation?

Yes. Courts may authorize precautionary measures affecting exchange balances and cryptocurrency assets.

What is MASAK’s role in crypto investigations?

MASAK analyzes suspicious transactions, receives reports from obligated entities, and supports financial crime investigations.

Can foreigners be investigated for crypto transactions in Turkey?

Yes. Foreign nationals may be investigated if their activities fall within Turkish jurisdiction.

Are cryptocurrency exchanges legal in Turkey?

Yes. Cryptocurrency exchanges may operate within the regulatory framework established under Turkish law and SPK supervision.

Can crypto transactions trigger money laundering allegations?

Yes. Authorities frequently review cryptocurrency activity when investigating suspected laundering schemes.

What should I do if my exchange account is frozen?

You should immediately seek legal advice, preserve all transaction records, and avoid making statements without legal guidance.

Can crypto profits create tax-related investigations?

Potentially yes. Turkish authorities are increasingly focusing on taxation and reporting obligations relating to digital assets.

How long do crypto investigations take?

The duration varies depending on transaction volume, international cooperation requirements, forensic analysis, and the complexity of the allegations.

Can a lawyer help challenge a crypto-related asset seizure?

Yes. Legal counsel may challenge asset freezes, seizure orders, procedural violations, and evidentiary issues before the relevant authorities and courts.

Legal Support for Crypto Exchange Investigations in Turkey

Cryptocurrency investigations often involve complex issues relating to financial crimes, blockchain analysis, anti-money laundering compliance, exchange regulations, asset seizures, and international cooperation. Receiving legal assistance at the earliest stage of an investigation can significantly improve the protection of your rights and financial interests.

Our legal team provides professional representation for cryptocurrency investors, exchange users, blockchain entrepreneurs, foreign nationals, and businesses involved in crypto-related investigations throughout Turkey.

Phone: +90 312 434 22 22
Mobile / WhatsApp: +90 532 769 22 22
E-mail: info@firatfesihkaya.av.tr
Address: Yildirim Tower, Mevlana Boulevard No:221, Office No:148, 06520 Balgat, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey

Contact our law firm today to receive a confidential legal assessment regarding cryptocurrency investigations, exchange account freezes, blockchain-related criminal allegations, financial crime proceedings, and digital asset disputes in Turkey.

Tags: Crypto Exchange Investigations Turkey, MASAK Crypto Investigation, Cryptocurrency Lawyer Turkey, Crypto Asset Seizure Turkey, Money Laundering Crypto Turkey, Blockchain Crime Defense, Foreign Investors Crypto Turkey, Crypto Compliance Turkey.

Money Laundering Through Cryptocurrency Transactions

META TITLE:
Money Laundering Through Cryptocurrency Transactions in Turkey (2026 Legal Guide)

META DESCRIPTION:
Can cryptocurrency transactions lead to money laundering investigations in Turkey? Learn about MASAK investigations, crypto asset tracing, criminal penalties, frozen accounts, foreign nationals, exchange compliance, and legal defense strategies in this 2026 legal guide.

Money Laundering Through Cryptocurrency Transactions in Turkey (2026 Legal Guide)

Cryptocurrencies have transformed global finance by enabling decentralized, borderless, and nearly instantaneous transfers of value. Bitcoin, Ethereum, stablecoins, and countless other digital assets have created new opportunities for investors, entrepreneurs, technology companies, and financial institutions. However, the same characteristics that make cryptocurrencies attractive for legitimate users have also attracted the attention of criminal organizations seeking to conceal the origins of illicit funds. As a result, cryptocurrency transactions have become a major focus of anti-money laundering enforcement efforts worldwide, including in Turkey.

Turkish authorities have significantly increased their scrutiny of cryptocurrency transactions in recent years. The Financial Crimes Investigation Board (MASAK), public prosecutors, cybercrime units, financial intelligence authorities, and regulatory agencies now routinely examine digital asset activities when investigating financial crimes. Cryptocurrency transfers that appear suspicious, unexplained, or connected to criminal conduct may trigger extensive investigations involving blockchain analysis, exchange records, banking information, international cooperation requests, and asset seizure measures.

For foreign investors, expatriates, cryptocurrency traders, NFT investors, blockchain entrepreneurs, and individuals residing in Turkey, understanding the legal consequences of cryptocurrency-related money laundering allegations has become increasingly important. Even individuals who did not knowingly participate in criminal activity may find themselves under investigation if they receive, transfer, exchange, or hold digital assets connected to unlawful conduct.

This guide explains how money laundering investigations involving cryptocurrency transactions are conducted in Turkey in 2026, the potential criminal consequences, the rights of suspects, and the legal defense strategies available during such proceedings.

Understanding Money Laundering Under Turkish Law

Money laundering generally refers to the process of concealing, disguising, transferring, converting, or integrating assets derived from criminal activity into the legitimate financial system. The purpose is to make illegally obtained funds appear lawful and difficult to trace.

Under Turkish criminal legislation, laundering proceeds of crime constitutes a separate criminal offense. Authorities do not need to prove that a suspect personally committed the original crime generating the proceeds. Instead, liability may arise when an individual knowingly participates in transactions involving assets derived from criminal conduct.

The underlying criminal activity may include:

• Fraud
• Aggravated fraud
• Cybercrime
• Drug trafficking
• Human trafficking
• Corruption
• Tax crimes
• Illegal gambling
• Smuggling offenses
• Terrorism financing
• Organized crime activities

Because cryptocurrencies can be transferred quickly across borders and between multiple wallets, they have become a significant area of focus for anti-money laundering enforcement.

Why Cryptocurrencies Attract Money Laundering Investigations

Many individuals mistakenly believe that cryptocurrencies provide complete anonymity. In reality, most blockchain networks create permanent transaction records that can be analyzed by investigators.

Cryptocurrencies attract scrutiny because they allow users to:

• Transfer funds internationally without traditional banking channels
• Create multiple wallet addresses
• Conduct transactions twenty-four hours a day
• Interact with decentralized platforms
• Exchange assets across different blockchain networks
• Utilize privacy-enhancing technologies

While these features are not inherently illegal, criminals sometimes exploit them to conceal financial activity. Consequently, regulators and law enforcement agencies closely monitor cryptocurrency transactions that exhibit characteristics commonly associated with money laundering.

MASAK’s Role in Cryptocurrency Money Laundering Investigations

The Financial Crimes Investigation Board (MASAK) serves as Turkey’s primary financial intelligence authority. MASAK is responsible for detecting suspicious financial activity, analyzing financial intelligence, and supporting criminal investigations relating to money laundering and terrorism financing.

Cryptocurrency exchanges operating in Turkey are required to comply with anti-money laundering obligations and report suspicious activities. MASAK receives information from exchanges, banks, financial institutions, and other obligated entities.

When suspicious cryptocurrency activity is identified, MASAK may:

• Analyze transaction patterns
• Review source-of-funds documentation
• Examine wallet relationships
• Trace cryptocurrency movements
• Share intelligence with prosecutors
• Support asset freezing measures
• Cooperate with international authorities

Many cryptocurrency-related criminal investigations begin with information generated through MASAK’s monitoring activities.

Common Cryptocurrency Transactions That Trigger Investigations

Not every cryptocurrency transaction results in an investigation. However, certain patterns frequently attract regulatory attention.

Authorities often review:

Large unexplained cryptocurrency deposits entering exchange accounts.

Rapid movement of funds through multiple wallets without a clear commercial purpose.

Repeated transfers between unrelated individuals.

Frequent conversions between cryptocurrencies and fiat currency.

Transfers involving high-risk jurisdictions.

Transactions associated with known fraud schemes.

Use of cryptocurrency mixing services.

Large cash deposits followed by crypto purchases.

Accounts receiving cryptocurrency from multiple unrelated sources.

While these activities are not automatically unlawful, they may prompt investigators to seek additional information regarding the origin and purpose of the funds.

How Authorities Trace Cryptocurrency Transactions

One of the most significant misconceptions regarding cryptocurrencies is that they cannot be traced.

Modern blockchain forensic technology allows investigators to reconstruct complex transaction histories and identify relationships between wallet addresses. Specialized software tools can analyze blockchain activity and generate detailed reports regarding fund movements.

Investigators frequently examine:

• Wallet transaction histories
• Exchange records
• IP address data
• Device identifiers
• Banking transactions
• KYC documentation
• Smart contract interactions
• NFT marketplace activity

When cryptocurrency enters or exits regulated exchanges, authorities can often connect wallet activity to verified individuals through customer identification records.

As blockchain analytics technology continues to evolve, tracing cryptocurrency transactions has become increasingly effective.

Money Laundering Through Crypto Exchanges

Cryptocurrency exchanges often become central to money laundering investigations because they provide entry and exit points between digital assets and traditional financial systems.

Authorities frequently examine whether exchange users:

• Used false identities
• Conducted suspicious transactions
• Structured transfers to avoid detection
• Transferred criminal proceeds
• Assisted third parties in concealing assets

Exchange compliance departments routinely monitor customer activity and submit suspicious transaction reports when unusual behavior is detected.

A user may become the subject of an investigation even without direct notification from the exchange.

Cryptocurrency Mixing Services and Legal Risks

Mixing services are designed to obscure the origin of cryptocurrency transactions by combining assets from multiple users before redistributing them.

Although some users claim privacy motivations, regulators and law enforcement agencies frequently associate mixers with money laundering activities.

Transactions involving mixing services often attract enhanced scrutiny because investigators may interpret their use as an attempt to conceal transaction origins.

Where authorities establish that mixing services were used to disguise criminal proceeds, additional allegations may arise.

Individuals using such services should understand the significant legal risks involved.

Foreign Nationals and Cryptocurrency Money Laundering Investigations

Foreign nationals residing in Turkey frequently participate in cryptocurrency markets. Many use digital assets for investment, international transfers, business transactions, or wealth management purposes.

Foreigners are subject to the same anti-money laundering regulations as Turkish citizens when operating within Turkish jurisdiction.

Investigations involving foreign nationals may include:

• Residence permit reviews
• Cross-border financial inquiries
• International evidence requests
• Asset tracing across jurisdictions
• Cooperation with foreign regulators

Foreign investors should maintain comprehensive records demonstrating the lawful origin of cryptocurrency holdings and related transactions.

Frozen Accounts and Asset Seizures in Crypto Cases

One of the most disruptive consequences of a cryptocurrency money laundering investigation is the freezing of assets.

Prosecutors may request precautionary measures affecting:

• Cryptocurrency exchange accounts
• Digital wallets
• Bank accounts
• Real estate
• Vehicles
• Corporate assets
• Investment accounts

Courts may authorize these measures when authorities believe assets are connected to criminal activity or may be needed as evidence.

Asset freezes can occur during the investigation stage before any conviction has been obtained.

Prompt legal intervention is often necessary to challenge excessive or unjustified restrictions.

Criminal Penalties for Cryptocurrency Money Laundering

Money laundering offenses carry severe criminal consequences under Turkish law.

Potential penalties may include:

• Imprisonment
• Judicial fines
• Asset confiscation
• Corporate sanctions
• Professional restrictions
• International enforcement consequences

The severity of the punishment generally depends on factors such as:

• The amount involved
• The sophistication of the scheme
• Whether organized crime was involved
• The suspect’s role
• Prior criminal history
• Cooperation with authorities

Where cryptocurrency transactions are linked to broader criminal organizations, penalties may increase substantially.

Legal Defense Strategies in Cryptocurrency Money Laundering Cases

Effective defense strategies depend upon the facts of each investigation.

A strong defense often focuses on demonstrating:

The legitimate origin of funds.

Lawful investment activity.

Lack of criminal intent.

Absence of knowledge regarding alleged criminal proceeds.

Errors in blockchain tracing analysis.

Inaccurate investigative assumptions.

Procedural violations during evidence collection.

Many cryptocurrency cases involve highly technical evidence. Consequently, independent forensic experts frequently play an important role in evaluating blockchain analysis and transaction tracing reports.

Early legal representation can significantly improve a suspect’s ability to protect their rights and challenge unsupported allegations.

The Future of Anti-Money Laundering Enforcement in the Crypto Sector

Cryptocurrency regulation continues to evolve rapidly in Turkey and around the world.

Authorities are increasingly focusing on:

• Exchange compliance programs
• Travel Rule implementation
• Enhanced customer verification
• Blockchain analytics
• Cross-border cooperation
• Digital asset reporting requirements

As regulatory oversight expands, cryptocurrency transactions will likely face greater scrutiny from both regulators and law enforcement agencies.

Individuals participating in digital asset markets should therefore prioritize transparency, compliance, accurate recordkeeping, and proper legal advice when engaging in significant cryptocurrency activities.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Can cryptocurrency transactions trigger money laundering investigations in Turkey?

Yes. Suspicious cryptocurrency activity may lead to investigations by MASAK, prosecutors, and law enforcement agencies.

Are cryptocurrencies anonymous?

Not completely. Most blockchain transactions can be analyzed and traced using advanced forensic tools.

Can my exchange account be frozen during an investigation?

Yes. Courts may authorize asset freezes affecting exchange accounts and digital wallets.

Can foreigners face money laundering investigations involving cryptocurrency?

Yes. Foreign nationals operating within Turkish jurisdiction may be investigated under Turkish anti-money laundering laws.

What is MASAK’s role in crypto investigations?

MASAK analyzes suspicious financial activity, receives reports from obligated entities, and supports criminal investigations involving money laundering.

Can receiving cryptocurrency from another person create legal problems?

Potentially yes. Authorities may investigate whether the transferred assets originated from criminal activity.

Are crypto mixers legal to use?

Transactions involving mixing services frequently attract regulatory scrutiny and may create significant legal risks.

How do investigators trace cryptocurrency transactions?

Authorities use blockchain analytics, exchange records, banking information, and forensic software to reconstruct transaction histories.

Can cryptocurrency profits be seized during an investigation?

Yes. Courts may authorize temporary seizure measures while an investigation remains ongoing.

Should I contact a lawyer if I am under investigation?

Yes. Immediate legal representation is strongly recommended in any cryptocurrency-related criminal investigation.

Legal Support for Cryptocurrency Money Laundering Investigations

Cryptocurrency investigations often involve complex financial regulations, blockchain tracing techniques, asset freezing orders, international cooperation procedures, and serious criminal allegations. Obtaining legal guidance at the earliest stage of an investigation can significantly improve your ability to protect your rights, assets, and reputation.

Our law firm provides legal representation for cryptocurrency investors, blockchain entrepreneurs, exchange users, foreign nationals, corporate clients, and individuals facing money laundering investigations involving digital assets in Turkey.

LEGAL SUPPORT – CONTACT OUR LAW FIRM

A properly structured legal defense can make a critical difference in cryptocurrency-related criminal proceedings. Our experienced legal team assists clients throughout every stage of investigations involving crypto assets, blockchain transactions, financial crimes, and digital asset disputes.

Phone: +90 312 434 22 22
Mobile / WhatsApp: +90 532 769 22 22
E-mail: info@firatfesihkaya.av.tr
Address: Yildirim Tower, Mevlana Boulevard No:221, Office No:148, 06520 Balgat, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey

Contact our law firm today for a confidential legal assessment regarding cryptocurrency investigations, frozen exchange accounts, blockchain-related allegations, anti-money laundering compliance issues, and digital asset disputes in Turkey.