Comprehensive 2026 guide for foreign investors in Turkish nuclear energy projects. Learn about investment opportunities, legal requirements, licensing procedures, Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant, EPC contracts, regulatory compliance, foreign ownership rules, and nuclear energy investment risks in Turkey.

Nuclear energy has become one of the most strategically significant sectors within Turkey’s long-term energy policy. As the country seeks to diversify its energy portfolio, strengthen energy security, reduce dependence on imported fossil fuels, and meet growing electricity demand, nuclear power continues to play an increasingly important role in national energy planning.

The development of the Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant has transformed Turkey from a country planning nuclear energy projects into a nation actively building and preparing to operate large-scale nuclear power facilities. At the same time, discussions regarding additional nuclear projects in Sinop, the Thrace region, and potential Small Modular Reactor (SMR) investments have created substantial opportunities for foreign investors, engineering companies, infrastructure funds, technology suppliers, lenders, and energy developers.

Nuclear energy projects are among the largest and most complex infrastructure investments in the world. They require significant capital commitments, advanced technology, specialized expertise, regulatory approvals, and long-term financing arrangements. Consequently, foreign participation is often essential for successful project implementation.

This 2026 Legal Guide explains the legal framework governing foreign investment in nuclear energy projects in Turkey and highlights the most important opportunities, risks, and compliance requirements affecting international investors.

The Strategic Importance of Nuclear Energy in Turkey

Turkey’s energy demand continues to increase due to population growth, industrial expansion, urbanization, and economic development.

The government’s long-term energy strategy focuses on:

• Diversification of energy resources
• Reduction of import dependency
• Enhancement of energy security
• Expansion of low-carbon electricity generation
• Development of advanced energy technologies

Nuclear energy is considered a key component of this strategy because it provides reliable baseload electricity generation while supporting long-term energy independence.

As a result, Turkey continues to encourage international cooperation in nuclear energy development.

Overview of Turkey’s Nuclear Energy Program

Turkey’s nuclear development strategy currently focuses on several major initiatives.

These include:

• Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant
• Planned Sinop Nuclear Power Plant
• Future Thrace Nuclear Project
• Potential Small Modular Reactor investments
• Nuclear technology development programs

The successful implementation of these projects requires substantial international investment and technical expertise.

For this reason, foreign investors continue to play a critical role in Turkey’s nuclear sector.

Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant

The Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant represents the most significant nuclear investment currently underway in Turkey.

Located in Mersin Province, the project consists of four VVER-1200 reactor units with a total installed capacity of approximately 4,800 MW.

The project is being developed under a Build-Own-Operate model and represents one of the largest foreign direct investments in Turkish energy infrastructure.

Akkuyu demonstrates Turkey’s willingness to work with international investors and technology providers in the nuclear sector.

The experience gained through Akkuyu is expected to influence future nuclear projects throughout the country.

Can Foreign Investors Participate in Nuclear Projects?

Yes.

Foreign investors may participate in Turkish nuclear projects through a variety of legal and commercial arrangements.

Examples include:

• Direct investment
• Joint ventures
• EPC contracts
• Equipment supply agreements
• Engineering services
• Technology licensing arrangements
• Infrastructure financing
• Project development partnerships

However, nuclear projects remain highly regulated and subject to extensive governmental oversight.

Foreign investors should therefore conduct comprehensive legal and regulatory due diligence before entering the market.

Legal Framework Governing Foreign Investment

Foreign investment in Turkey is generally governed by legislation designed to promote and protect international investment.

The legal framework is based on principles such as:

• Equal treatment
• Protection of investor rights
• Freedom of investment
• International arbitration mechanisms
• Property protection

Foreign investors generally enjoy rights comparable to those available to domestic investors unless specific sectoral restrictions apply.

Nuclear Regulation Law

The Nuclear Regulation Law forms the foundation of Turkey’s modern nuclear regulatory system.

The law governs:

• Nuclear facility licensing
• Safety requirements
• Radiation protection
• Regulatory oversight
• Enforcement procedures

All investors participating in nuclear projects must comply with the requirements established under this framework.

Understanding the Nuclear Regulation Law is essential before making any investment decision.

Nuclear Regulatory Authority (NDK)

The Nuclear Regulatory Authority (NDK) serves as the principal regulator of nuclear activities in Turkey.

The Authority is responsible for:

• Licensing nuclear facilities
• Reviewing technical documentation
• Conducting inspections
• Monitoring compliance
• Enforcing safety regulations

Foreign investors frequently interact with the regulatory authority through project approvals, licensing procedures, and compliance reviews.

Foreign Ownership Considerations

Unlike some strategic sectors that impose ownership restrictions, Turkey has historically encouraged foreign participation in major energy infrastructure projects.

Nevertheless, nuclear projects involve national security considerations, public safety concerns, and strategic policy objectives.

Consequently, governmental oversight remains extensive.

Investors should evaluate ownership structures carefully and ensure compliance with all applicable regulations.

Investment Structures Used in Nuclear Projects

Foreign investors commonly participate through:

Project Companies

Special purpose project companies are frequently established to develop and operate nuclear facilities.

These structures help:

• Isolate risks
• Simplify financing arrangements
• Facilitate regulatory compliance

Joint Ventures

Joint venture arrangements remain common in large-scale nuclear projects.

Benefits include:

• Risk sharing
• Technical cooperation
• Capital pooling
• Regulatory coordination

Consortium Structures

Large nuclear projects often involve multiple participants operating through consortium arrangements.

These structures allow participants to combine expertise and resources.

EPC Contracts and Foreign Contractors

Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) contracts are central to nuclear project development.

Foreign contractors often provide:

• Reactor technology
• Construction expertise
• Equipment supply
• Technical support

Nuclear EPC agreements are among the most sophisticated contracts in the energy sector and require careful legal review.

Technology Transfer Opportunities

Foreign investors frequently participate through technology transfer arrangements.

Examples include:

• Reactor technologies
• Safety systems
• Digital monitoring systems
• Fuel management technologies

Technology transfer agreements should address:

• Intellectual property rights
• Licensing terms
• Liability allocation
• Confidentiality protections

Nuclear Equipment Manufacturing Opportunities

Turkey’s nuclear expansion may create opportunities for manufacturers supplying:

• Reactor components
• Control systems
• Electrical equipment
• Mechanical systems
• Safety infrastructure

Foreign manufacturers should assess procurement opportunities associated with future nuclear projects.

Licensing Requirements Affecting Investors

Foreign investors should understand that nuclear projects involve multiple licensing stages.

These generally include:

• Site approval
• Construction licensing
• Commissioning authorization
• Operating licenses

Licensing procedures may affect project schedules, financing arrangements, and contractual obligations.

Investors should account for regulatory timelines when planning investments.

Financing Nuclear Energy Projects

Nuclear facilities require substantial capital investments.

Financing structures may involve:

• Equity investments
• International loans
• Export credit support
• Development bank financing
• Infrastructure funds

Investors should carefully evaluate financing risks before committing capital.

Nuclear Liability Risks

Nuclear projects involve unique liability considerations.

Potential issues include:

• Nuclear incidents
• Environmental claims
• Third-party damages
• Operational failures

Liability frameworks differ significantly from those applicable to conventional energy projects.

Investors should review risk allocation mechanisms carefully.

Insurance Requirements

Nuclear projects generally require specialized insurance coverage.

Policies may address:

• Nuclear liability
• Construction risks
• Environmental exposure
• Operational risks

Insurance obligations form an important component of project compliance.

Environmental Compliance

Environmental obligations remain a major component of nuclear regulation.

Projects may require:

• Environmental Impact Assessments
• Monitoring programs
• Environmental reporting
• Ecological protection measures

Environmental compliance should be evaluated early during project development.

Nuclear Security Requirements

Foreign investors should also consider security obligations.

Requirements may involve:

• Physical protection systems
• Cybersecurity programs
• Access control procedures
• Personnel screening

Security compliance is essential for regulatory approval.

Supply Chain Opportunities

Turkey’s nuclear expansion may create significant opportunities for:

• Engineering firms
• Equipment manufacturers
• Technology providers
• Construction companies
• Consulting firms

Foreign companies may participate even without taking direct ownership interests in nuclear facilities.

Small Modular Reactor Opportunities

Turkey has expressed interest in Small Modular Reactor technologies.

Potential opportunities may arise in:

• Reactor design
• Manufacturing
• Infrastructure development
• Technology licensing

SMRs may become an important investment area during the coming decade.

Dispute Resolution in Nuclear Projects

Nuclear projects often involve international participants.

Dispute resolution mechanisms may include:

• International arbitration
• Commercial mediation
• Court proceedings
• Expert determination

Well-drafted contracts are essential for managing dispute risks.

Common Legal Risks for Foreign Investors

Investors should carefully assess:

• Regulatory delays
• Licensing risks
• Construction challenges
• Environmental obligations
• Nuclear liability exposure
• Political and geopolitical developments

Comprehensive due diligence remains critical.

Best Practices for Foreign Investors

Successful investors generally:

• Conduct extensive regulatory due diligence
• Review licensing requirements early
• Assess liability exposure carefully
• Implement strong compliance systems
• Engage experienced legal counsel

A proactive legal strategy significantly reduces investment risks.

Future Outlook for 2026 and Beyond

Several developments are expected to influence nuclear investment opportunities in Turkey.

These include:

• Continued progress at Akkuyu
• Development of additional nuclear projects
• Expansion of nuclear supply chains
• Growth of local manufacturing capabilities
• Increased interest in Small Modular Reactors

Turkey’s long-term energy strategy suggests that nuclear power will remain a major area of investment for decades to come.

Foreign investors positioned early in the market may benefit from future expansion opportunities.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Can foreign investors own interests in nuclear energy projects in Turkey?

Yes. Foreign investors may participate through various investment structures, including project companies, joint ventures, and infrastructure investments.

Is foreign ownership allowed in the nuclear sector?

Turkey generally permits foreign participation in nuclear projects, subject to regulatory oversight and compliance requirements.

What is the Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant?

Akkuyu is Turkey’s first nuclear power plant and one of the country’s largest energy infrastructure investments.

Which authority regulates nuclear investments?

The Nuclear Regulatory Authority (NDK) is responsible for licensing and supervising nuclear activities.

Are nuclear projects subject to environmental regulations?

Yes. Nuclear facilities must comply with extensive environmental and safety requirements.

What are the biggest legal risks for foreign investors?

Key risks include licensing delays, regulatory compliance obligations, environmental liabilities, construction risks, and nuclear liability exposure.

Can foreign companies participate without owning a nuclear facility?

Yes. Foreign companies may provide engineering services, technology, equipment, financing, and consulting support.

Why should foreign investors obtain legal advice before entering the nuclear sector?

Professional legal guidance helps investors navigate licensing requirements, compliance obligations, contractual risks, liability issues, and investment structuring.

Legal Support and Contact Information

Foreign investment in nuclear energy projects involves a highly specialized legal framework encompassing nuclear regulation, licensing procedures, environmental compliance, foreign investment laws, EPC contracts, technology transfer agreements, liability management, financing arrangements, and regulatory approvals. Whether you are an investor, infrastructure fund, EPC contractor, technology provider, lender, engineering company, or project sponsor, obtaining experienced legal guidance before entering the market is essential.

Legal Support for Foreign Investors in Nuclear Energy Projects

For a personalized legal assessment regarding nuclear energy investments, Akkuyu-related opportunities, foreign ownership structures, EPC contracts, technology transfer agreements, licensing procedures, environmental compliance, future nuclear projects, or energy investments in Turkey, you may contact our team.

Working with an experienced energy lawyer helps protect your interests, reduce legal risks, strengthen compliance, and support the successful implementation of nuclear energy investments.

Fırat Fesih Kaya Law

Phone: +90 312 434 22 22

Mobile: +90 532 769 22 22

Email: info@firatfesihkaya.av.tr

Address: Mevlana Boulevard No:221, Yildirim Tower No:148, 06520 Balgat, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey